Science
Science is primarily focused around gaining Research points to unlock new technologies for the entire crew to use, as well as using these technologies to help the station.
Point Sources
These are all different ways to make points, they don't come with assigned jobs so feel free to pickup whatever other scientists aren't busy with, or ask them about what they are doing.
Artifacts
Place an artifact on a scanner, and use the analysis console to determine what you need to do to activate a node. Make sure to check what effect will happen first! no one wants their science room exploding five minutes into the shift.
Non-point benefits
Artifacts can create useful resources for the station, cause various effects, become sentient, gain the same functions as tools, and occasionally can make anomalies. Simply use an artifact to re-activate its most recent nodes (has limited uses).
if you find a useful node, grind up some artifact fragments and combine them with glue to make artifact glue, which restores uses of nodes when its splashed on an artifact.
Anomalies
Create an anomaly in a random place on the station with the anomaly generator, find it and then scan it and bring your scanner back to an anomaly server to link it. This will generate points passively. Make sure to keep an eye on it and use the particles from the A.P.E. to prevent it from going critical.
Non-point benefits
Anomalies are generally harmful to the crew. Some beneficial effects such as random chemicals from a liquid anomaly do exist. You can also bring the cores left over from an anomaly to a chaplain to enchant items with!
Xenobiology
Feed monkeys to slimes, let the slimes reproduce, and then turn them into extracts that you can turn in for research points at the xenobiology bounty console. Each generation has a chance to mutate into a different slime, with different point values.
Non-point benefits
Slime extracts can be injected with water, plasma, and blood to create different reactions.
Bonus Sources
Salvage can bring in research disks which must be slotted into the research server, as well as experimental AI boards which give the AI whacky laws, in exchange for research points.
Robotics
Roboticists have the duty of creating borgs for the station, as well as maintaining them and other cybernetic organisms.